Name of Volcano: Llullaillaco inthe border of Argentina (Salta Province) and Chile.
Type of Volcano: Stratovolcano
Category of Volcano: Dormant Number of eruptions: There are reports of eruptions in 1854, 1868, and 1877[It's Last Recorded Eruption], possibly causing the youngest lava flows on the volcano, which are easily recognizable because of their very dark appearance. The earlier eruptions are unknown at the Llullaillaco I, the ancestral primary volcano, dates back to the Pleistocene.
Physical & Human Landscape: It is surrounded by large debris fields, and ironically is capped by snow and small glaciers despite the extremely dry conditions of the region. There are several climbing routes which do not require specialized climbing techniques, . Crampons and an ice axe are needed as most paths cross ice fields. However, the area on the Chilean side of the mountain is known to have some land mines that were installed during the Argentina-Chile conflict period of 1978–1982, thus rendering it extremely dangerous. Archeologists have also found 3 well preserved mummies in the volcano. According to contemporary writings by Spanish priests, these children were participants incapacocha [a sacrificial rite that occurred in celebration of key events in the life of the Inca emperor] The 15-year-old girl, nicknamed "La doncella" (The maiden), a seven-year-old boy, and a six-year-old girl, nicknamed "La niña del rayo" (The lightning girl). Lightning girl got her name as during that time, a lightning struck her body.
Danger the volcano poses: No Dangers now or in the forseeable future.
The types of things put in place to prevent loss & damage from the volcano erupting: The altitude imposes great difficulty and is by itself a very dangerous factor.
What i believe should be in place in monitoring a volcano: NIL Llullaillaco Volcanic Bunny There is no volcanic eruption pictures or videos as photography there then was unavailable.
Name of Volcano: Mount Ruapehu inthe southern end of the Taupo Volcanic Zone in New Zealand
Type of Volcano: Stratovolcano
Category of Volcano: Active
Number of eruptions: It began erupting at least 250,000 years ago, major eruptions have been about 50 years apart, in 1895, 1945, 1995-1996, 2006 eruption, 2007 Lahar, 2007 eruption, 2008 warnings, 2011 warnings. Physical & Human Landscape: It has 2 commercial ski fields, Whakapapa on the northern side and Turoa on the northern slope[ 2 Largest in New Zealand, Whakapapa the Largest and is filled with natural gillies by volcanic eruptions,] & Alphine huts are provided for trampers and climbers.These are mainly owned by private clubs.
Danger the volcano poses: It can produce lahars (mudflows) and ashfall following eruptions, which threaten people and property as well as the area’s tourist industry. Mount Ruapehu usually erupts andesitic material which are fine-grained brown or greyish volcanic rock. Ashfall travels furthest, particularly when carried by the wind.Lahars (mudflows comprised of mainly volcanic debris) are assumed to happen as when the crater lake over flows or the crater rim collapses and the water then mixes with snow and volcanic debris from the crater and valley floor. In Addition, Lahars can travel very fast over long distances causing trouble. Since, Mount Ruapehu’s crater lake fills the volcano’s vent which is containing with a lot of acidic water. This is a potential hazard to people climbing up to the crater lake. The types of things put in place to prevent loss & damage from the volcano erupting: Volcanologists monitor a wide range of phenomena which are known to change when an eruption is imminent. The chemistry of the crater lake, particularly levels of magnesium which increase when the lake is exposed to new lava or magmatic fluid. Small earthquake swarms, and deformation of the mountain itself, which could indicate magma movement. They are also monitored using seismometer arrays, microphones, webcams and regular sampling of the crater lake and gas emissions.
What i believe should be in place in monitoring a volcano: NIL
Name of Volcano: Piton de la Fouraise is on the eastern side of Réunion island in the Indian Ocean
Type of Volcano: Shield Volcano
Category of Volcano: Active
Number of eruptions: More than 150 recorded eruptions since the 17th century, Most recent on 9 December 2010. {21st century Eruptions:2000 (Feb-March), 2001 (March-April), 2001 (June-July), 2002 (Jan.), 2002 (Nov-Dec), 2003 (May) - 2004 (Jan), 2004 (May), 2004 (Aug-Oct), 2005 (Feb-March), 2005 (Oct), 2005 (Nov), 2005 (Dec)-2006 (Jan), 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 (Oct), 2010 (Dec) - ongoing.}
Physical & Human Landscape: A high quality forestry road, followed by a good track, connects the highway of the plains in Bourg-Murat to the Pas de Bellecombe, a parking lot and a snack bar are available to visitors. It is situated over the caldera rim cliffs and offers a breathetaking view over the northeast part of the caldera. A good stairway path descends from the pass to the caldera floor. This path is closed for safety reasons during seismic events. White paint marks over rocks delimit a number of footpaths ascending the lava shield inside the caldera. Visitors exploring the caldera should be in good physical condition & equipped with proper equipment, with hiking shoes and a supply of drinking water and food. They must be prepared to exercise caution, for the weather can change very quickly, moving from bright sunlight and heat (risks of heatstroke) to dense fog with cold and rain. In dense fog, straying from paths is very risky. Visitors are advised to take the necessary precautions for sun, heat, cold and rain and not to stray from marked paths. It is very important to follow these safety measures. An excellent, but expensive way to get a good sight of the volcano is to ride in the tourist helicopter flights. Lava flows that have crossed the road are indicated by signs. Completely free access during eruptions was permitted until 1998; access has been limited since that date, being virtually banned at present. Saint Paul the closest town has a lovely street market (on Friday afternoons and Saturday mornings), two miles (3km) of black-sand beaches, fine examples of traditional Creole houses, a seaside cemetery and other historic sites. Completely free access during eruptions was permitted until 1998; access has been limited since that date, being virtually banned at present. orchid Brown Noddy Rusa Deer Javan Rusa Reunion Harrier Réunion Cuckooshrike Stinkwood Madagascar Fody Panther Chameleon Réunion Bulbul Natal Free-Tailed Bat Papillon La Pature
White-tailed tropicbird
Mascarene Martin
Réunion Island day gecko
Mascarene Petrel, Black Petrel
Barau’s Petrel
Mauritian flying fox
Wedge-tailed Shearwater
Turtle Dove
Mascarene Paradise-flycatcher
Flat-leaved Vanilla, Tahitian Vanilla
Reunion Gray White-eye
Réunion Olive White-eye
Danger the volcano poses: Eruptions usually occur within the caldera and therefore pose little threat to people. But due to the fact that most its volcanic activity is contained within the caldera – the collapsed area of land that forms following volcanic eruptions – it poses little threat to the inhabitants of Réunion. The types of things put in place to prevent loss & damage from the volcano erupting: It is monitored by geophysical sensors (tiltmeters, extensometers, differential GPS receivers, etc.).The data is then sent to the Piron de la Fournaise Volcano Observatory, northwest of the volcano. These are the levels of alert:
Pre-alert: Warnings about possible eruptions; hikers accessing the caldera are warned about possible developments.
Level 1: An eruption will occur soon; the public may not access the caldera until specialists have examined the situation and set pathways for those willing to admire the eruption.
Level 2: An eruption is occurring inside the caldera. Access to the caldera is restricted to authorized personnel only.
Level 3: An eruption is occurring or will occur soon outside of the caldera; some villages may have to be evacuated for safety.
What i believe should be in place in monitoring a volcano: NIL
Name of Volcano: Kilauea in Hawaii Type of Volcano: Shield, Hotspot
Category of Volcano: Active
Number of eruptions:35 eruptions sice 1952 excluding the current episode, A Majout 1 in 1924, Kīlauea lava fountaining occurred in 1959, a summit crater explosion in 2008, vent & lava flows 1983-2012, fissure eruption in 2011. Physical & Human Landscape: Crater Rim Drive to check out its summit which willencircles the summit caldera, passes through desert, lush tropical rain forest, traverses the caldera floor, and provides access to well-marked scenic stops and short walks, Crater Rim Drive Depending on changing volcanic activity, there may be opportunities for viewing active lava flowfrom the end of the road. No food, water, or fuel is available along the 40-mile long Chain of Craters Road, a volcano house where you can view the crater, a Thurston Lava Tube which was formed about 350-500 years ago, during an eruption on the east side of Kilauea’s summit. The 20-minute walk at Thurston Lava Tube will give you a close-up look at a Hawaiian rainforest and the magnificent lava tube. Be careful, the trail can be slippery when wet. When the eruption stopped the lava drained from the tube, aHalema’uma’u Overlook, Pu’u Loa Petroglyphs which are ancient lava rock carvings, Holei Sea Arch, Active Lava Flow, Steam Vents, Volcano Eco Tour Adventure and many Longer Hikes & Camping. Danger the volcano poses: If the winds change, moving the fumes' course inland toward areas with a scattered population approaching 10,000. So far, Hawaii's famous tradewinds are pushing the plume to the south-west.The levels of sulfur dioxide could cause serious health risks, especially to people with existing respiratory problems such as asthma. Health officials say the gas has not posed serious problems so far because it is blowing more toward the ocean. The types of things put in place to prevent loss & damage from the volcano erupting: Lava flows are less dangerous to human life & the flow of lava can be roughly predicted, diversion measures, cool advancing front with water,
or disruption of source or advancing front of lava flow by explosives may be
taken in principle.
What i believe should be in place in monitoring a volcano: NIL
Name of Volcano: Lake Toba in North Sumatra, Indonesia
Type of Volcano: lake and caldera Category of Volcano:Dormant
Number of eruptions:The Toba Eruption occurred at now known Lake Toba 67,500 to 75,500 years ago causing a "volcanic winter"
Physical & Human Landscape: Traditional Batak houses are noted for their distinctive roofs (which curve upwards at each end, as a boat's hull does) and their colorful decor as the people living there are usually Bataks. The flora of the lake includes various types of phytoplankton, emerged macrophytes, floating macrophytes, and submerged macrophytes, while the surrounding countryside is rainforest including areas of Sumatran tropical pine forests on the higher mountainsides. The fauna includes zooplankton & benthic animals. The only endemics are Rasbora tobana and and Neolissochilus thienemanni, locally known as the Batak fish. But recently, the native are in danger due to pollution and introduction or foreign species. The lake's blue waters, gracious residents and fascinating Batak cuture draw tourists from all over the globe to the remote destination of Lake Toba. The cool, refreshing environment, clean air & fertile soil of the region make it an ideal place for settlement.
Danger the volcano poses: All these supervolcanoes look so beautiful and serene but they are all dangerously deadly!!! It is capable of producing a volcanic eruption with ejecta greater than 1,000 cubic km. For comparison, this is thousands of times larger than most historic volcanic eruptions.
The types of things put in place to prevent loss & damage from the volcano erupting: Nil as it is highly unlikely to erupt any time soon but they are still monitoring it.
Video Until 2:55 Min is about Laketoba
What i believe should be in place in monitoring a volcano: Do not let its beautiful sight get to you, monitor the volcano properly.
Name of Volcano: Mount Krakatoa in the Sunda Strait between the islands of Java and Sumatra in Indonesia
Type of Volcano: Caldera
Category of Volcano: Active Number of eruptions: 416AD, 535 AD, 1680s, Majour one on May 10, 1883, June 1927, 29 December 1927 , its most recent desruptive episode having begun in 1994 and in April 2008, the volcano released hot gases, rocks & lava. Physical & Human Landscape: Rocky outcrop, Frigate Bird, Dolphins, Whit-Bellied Sea Eagles, Mosses fastoon the branches of the trees,which are stunted at the peak, wild sugarcane, 3 species of bats, 2 kind of dog- face fruit bat and rousette, fruit-eating pigeon [pink-neckedpigeon and cuckoo dove], Olive-backed Sunbird,Yellow breasted bird,The flyeater,The white breasted wood,-swallow,coloured kingfisher,and greeny blue with white "collar", paradise tree snake[Chrysopele paradisi],Rat{ratus-ratus],countryu rat[Rat Tiomanicus],tokay[gecko],black eagle,phytonand false vampire bat[ predator].
Danger the volcano poses: Nil as long as people remain at the recommended safe distance of two kilometers from the volcano & is a growing volcano so it goes through a constant number of eruptions, all within normal level, & it has a low-level tectonic activity typical of young volcanoes.
The types of things put in place to prevent loss & damage from the volcano erupting: Predicting the eruption, evacuation, restriction of land uses. Eg. seismometer & geodetic ones.
What i believe should be in place in monitoring a volcano: Use Geoelectric, Geomagnetic machines to study the volcano too as it caused one of the World's worst destruction
Name of Volcano: Mount Pinatubo in the Provinces of Zambales, Tarlac and Pampanga on Luzon island, Philippines
Type of Volcano: Stratovolcano
Category of Volcano: Active
Number of eruptions: Since 1600 AD, there have been at least 60 flank eruptions and countless summit eruptions; half of them occurred sincethe start of the 20th century. In, 2000, there have been four flank eruptions of Etna so far, in 2001, 2002–2003, 2004–2005, 2008-2009. Summit eruptions occurred in 2006, 2007–2008 and again in January 2012.1st known eruption ever recorded of Mount Etna is that of the Diodorus Siculus. The most destructive eruption occurred on 15h June 1991, another majour one on 20 August 1992.
Physical & Human Landscape: Fantastic lunar-like landscape, a valley of ash and volcanic rock leading to Mt Pinatubo.The caldera formed and Lake Pinatubo has since become a tourist attraction with the preferred route through Barangay Santa Juliana in Capas, Tarlac.
Danger the volcano poses:Asystem to monitor and warn of lahars has been in operation. Radio-telemetered
rain gauges provide data on rainfall in lahar source regions, acoustic flow
monitors on stream banks detect ground vibration as lahars pass, and manned
watchpoints further confirm that lahars are rushing down Pinatubo's slopes. This
system has enabled warnings to be sounded for most but not all major lahars at
Pinatubo, saving hundreds of lives.
The types of things put in place to prevent loss & damage from the volcano erupting: They did resettlement for the theindigenous Aeta highlanders and the displaced lowlanders. Providing livelihood for farmers and the closure of Clark Air Base also presented the need for short-gestating livelihood opportunities, the need to cushion the effect of massive displacement of workers, gave social services for resettlers for their final ressettlement. Institute eruption mitigation was put in to viewthe continuing threat of lahars and flashfloods.
Volcanic sunset." A sunset in Hawaii influenced by volcanic eruption of Mt.
Pinatubo in 1991.
Deposits of the eruption in 1991 filled the narrow canyon
[50-100m thick layers]
A school buried by lahar, 12 october 1991
Volcanic Hazards
What I believe should be in place to monitor the volcano: Keep an eye on the ground deformation of it often as well as the gas coming out of it.
Name of Volcano: Mount Etna meaning "Mountain of Fire" in East Coast of Sicily, Italy Type of Volcano: Stratovolcano
Category of Volcano: Active Number of Eruptions: Major eruptions in 1949, 1971,1981,1983 & 1991- 1993, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2007 and 2008 in the 20th century. The eruptions in 2001, 2002-2003, and 2004-2005 lasted for 3 weeks, 3 months and 6 months respectively. the 1970s and 2000 it had rare smoke rings occurring. *The most recent was an ash eruption in April 2010.
Physical and Human landscape: Fertile volcanic soils support extensive agriculture, with vineyards and orchards spread across the lower slopes of the mountain and the broad Plain of Catania to the south.Etnas magma has unique petrologic and geochemical features. After numerous eruptions, the growth was affected due to majour eruptions, causing the collapse of the summit and forming calderas.(occurs when summit collapses) Dangers the volcano poses: The peak erupts at a slow enough rate for people to escape a lava burial, the gentle giant could put people at an increased risk of a different hazard—the development of . thyroidcancer. Those living near in volcanic province(eg. Catania) will be at risk to develop papillary thyroid cancer.Along with the risk factors most commonly associated with this cancer, such as radiation exposure and a diet low in iodine, previous studies have found soaring thyroid cancer rates in the volcanic areas of Hawaii and Iceland. Etna's gas leaks into the water source of Cantania Why this cancer here in Sicily? The Sicily Island has rural and urban areas…volcanic and nonvolcanic areas, and a homogenous population; thus, Sicily is a favorable setting for the evaluation of environmental influences on thyroid cancer etiology. Types of things put in place to prevent loss and damage from the volcano erupting: They diverted the flow after the 1669 eruption which, although partial technical
success in saving Catania by disturbing its channel, threatened another town and
was reversed causing devastation in Catania and resulting in legislation lasting
until 1983 outlawing any such future attempt. During the 1983 eruption, it was decided that the lava flow be diverted by means of blasting
the walls of its main feeding channel with explosives, through the use of the eastern barriers. the observatory of Mt Etna was not destroyed. What i believe they can put in place in monitoring a volcano: They can have weekly walks up the mountain to check on it and see if it poses any signs of a future eruption.
Number of eruptions: There are reports of eruptions in 1854, 1868, and 1877[It's Last Recorded Eruption], possibly causing the youngest lava flows on the volcano, which are easily recognizable because of their very dark appearance. The earlier eruptions are unknown at the Llullaillaco I, the ancestral primary volcano, dates back to the Pleistocene.
Mount Ruapehu's 1995 Eruption
